类    别

意     义

例     句

实义动词

含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。

She has some bananas.

They eat a lot of potatoes.

连系动词

本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。

His father is a teacher.

 Twins usually look the same.

The teacher became very angry.

助动词

本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。

He doesn’t speak English.

We are playing basketball.

Do you have a brother?

情态动词

本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。

You can keep the books for two weeks.

May I smoke here?

We must go now. 

★重要注解：

(1) 关于实义动词：

 ① 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：

后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。

② 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go, come, happen, lie, listen, rise, arrive等。

有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。

③ 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing等。

④ 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, wash等。

⑤ 有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如：listen, reply, wait, look.

(2) 关于连系动词：

①      连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。

②      常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、  go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。

③      有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化：look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、  smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。

 (3) 关于助动词：

①常见的助动词有：

用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;

用于完成时的have(has, had, having) ;

用于将来时的shall (should) ; will (would)

用于一般时的do(does, did) .

②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.

  (4) 关于情态动词：

2、动词词形变化一览表：

(1)规则动词变化表：

规 则变 化

原形动词结尾情况

现在时单三人称

现在分词/动名词

过去式和过去分词

一般情况

+s

+ing

+ed

s,x,ch,sh,o结尾

+es

+ing

+ed

辅音字母+y结尾

y→i,+es

+ing

y→i,+ed

重读闭音节一元一辅结尾

+s

双写辅音字母,+ing

双写辅音字母,+ed

不发音的e结尾

+s

去掉e,+ing

+d

ie结尾

+s

ie→y,+ing

+d

不规则变化

have→has；be→is

(无)  

(见不规则动词变化表)

 (2)不规则动词变化表：( 原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词)

be(am,is)

  was

been

lose

lost

lost

be(are)

were

been

make

made

made

beat

beat

beaten

may

might

become

became

become

mean

meant

meant

begin

began

begun

meet

met

met

blow

blew

blown

mistake

mistook

mistaken

break

broke

broken

must

must

bring

brought

brought

pay

paid

paid

build

built

built

put

put

put

buy

bought

bought

read

read

Read

can

could

ride

rode

ridden

catch

caught

caught

ring

rang

rung

choose

chose

chosen

rise

rose

risen

come

came

come

run

ran

run

cost

cost

cost

say

said

said

cut

cut

cut

see

saw

seen

dig

dug

dug

sell

sold

sold

do

did

done

send

sent

sent

draw

drew

drawn

set

set

set

drink

drank

drunk

shall

should

drive

drove

driven

shine

shone

shone

eat

ate

eaten

show

showed

shown

fall

fell

fallen

shut

shut

shut

feel

felt

felt

sing

sang

sung

find

found

found

sink

sank/sunk

sunk/sunken

fly

flew

flown

sit

set

set

forget

forgot

forgot/forgotten

sleep

slept

slept

freeze

froze

frozen

smell

smelt

smelt

get

got

got

speak

spoke

spoken

give

gave

given

spend

spent

spent

go

went

gone

spill

spilt

spilt

grow

grew

grown

spoil

spoilt

spoilt

hang

hung/hanged

hung/hanged

stand

stood

stood

have(has)

had

had

sweep

swept

swept

hear

heard

heard

swim

swam

swum

hide

hid

hidden

take

took

taken

hit

hit

hit

teach

taught

taught

hold

held

held

tell

told

told

hurt

hurt

hurt

think

thought

thought

keep

kept

kept

throw

threw

thrown

know

knew

known

understand

understood

understood

lay

laid

laid

wake

woke/waked

woken/waked

learn

learnt/learned

learnt/learned

wear

wore

worn

leave

left

left

will

would

lend

lent

lent

win

won

won

let

let

let

write

wrote

witten

lie

lay

lain

3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化：

一 般 现 在 时

一 般 将 来 时

现 在 完 成 时

I am….

You are.…

He/She/It is….

We/You/They are….

(I等各人称) will be….

I am               

He/She/It is        going to be… 

We/You/They are

I have been….

You have been….

She/he/It has been….

We/You/They have been….

一 般 过 去 时

过 去 将 来 时

过 去 完 成 时

I was….

You were.…

He/She/It was….

We/You/They were….

(I等各人称) would be….

I was        

He/She/It was        going to be…

We/You/They were

I had been….

You had been….

She/he/It had been….

We/You/They had been….

注意：句型变化时,

否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t (am后面not不可以缩写)；

疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。

4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表：

现在  时态

一 般 现 在 时

现 在 进 行 时

一 般 将 来 时

现 在 完 成 时

谓语动词构成

动词用原形(单三加s / es)

(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)

am

is     +动词-ing

are

will + 动词原形

am

is     +going to+动词原形

are

have +过去分词

has

过去  时态

一 般 过 去 时

过 去 进 行 时

过 去 将 来 时

过 去 完 成 时

谓语动词构成

动词用过去式

(问句和否定句借用助词did)

was

       +动词-ing

were

would + 动词原形

was

+going to+动词原形

were

had +过去分词

 注：动词的非谓语形式及用法见非谓语动词专项讲解。